Maserati Biturbo: A Comprehensive Buyer's Guide
The Maserati Biturbo, launched in 1981, was a bold attempt by Maserati to capture a wider market. Designed by Pierangelo Andreani, it was intended to be a smaller, more affordable, and higher-volume model than previous Maseratis. This marked a significant departure for the brand, aiming for the executive sports saloon market, competing with cars like the BMW 3 Series and Mercedes-Benz 190E. The "Biturbo" name refers to the car's defining feature: its twin-turbocharged engine, a relatively novel technology at the time. While it brought Maserati into the modern era, the Biturbo's reputation for unreliability and questionable build quality has made it a somewhat controversial, yet undeniably characterful, classic.
Generations
- First Generation (1981-1988): The initial Biturbo models were characterized by their boxy, angular design and carbureted twin-turbocharged V6 engines. Key changes during this period included:
- 1981-1983: Original Biturbo 2.0-liter with carbureted engine.
- 1983: Introduction of the Biturbo S, featuring increased power and revised styling.
- 1984: Introduction of the Biturbo 420/425, four-door sedan variants.
- 1986: Introduction of the Biturbo Spyder, a convertible variant designed by Zagato.
- 1986: Introduction of the Biturbo Si, featuring fuel injection (although not all markets received this immediately).
- Second Generation (1988-1994): This generation saw significant improvements in build quality and refinement, as well as the introduction of fuel injection across the range.
- 1988: Facelift with redesigned interior and exterior elements.
- 1989: Introduction of the 222, a more luxurious and powerful model.
- 1991: Introduction of the Racing, featuring an updated and more powerful engine.
- Third Generation (1994-1998): This final generation focused on further refinement and performance enhancements, although the core design remained largely unchanged. These models are often considered the most desirable due to improved reliability. Models like the Ghibli II are sometimes included in this lineage despite having some chassis differences.
- 1994: Introduction of the Ghibli II, a two-door coupe based on a shortened Biturbo platform.
- 1994: Introduction of the Quattroporte IV, the four-door sedan in the final generation of the Biturbo family.
Reliability & Common Issues
The Biturbo's reputation for unreliability is well-deserved, but understanding the common issues can help potential buyers make informed decisions. Later models and those carefully maintained fare significantly better.
Engine Issues
- Turbocharger Failure: The early turbochargers were prone to failure due to poor oil lubrication and high operating temperatures. Regular oil changes and careful turbo warm-up and cool-down procedures are crucial. Upgraded turbochargers are often recommended.
- Carburetor Problems (Early Models): The Weber carburetors used in the early models were complex and difficult to tune, often leading to poor running and emissions issues. Fuel injection, when introduced, offered a significant improvement.
- Cooling System Issues: Overheating was a common problem due to inadequate cooling capacity. Regular coolant flushes and inspection of the radiator and hoses are essential.
- Oil Leaks: The Biturbo engine is notorious for oil leaks from various locations, including the valve covers, oil pan, and turbocharger oil lines.
Electrical Issues
- Wiring Harness Problems: The wiring harnesses were poorly insulated and prone to deterioration, leading to electrical shorts and malfunctions. Replacing or re-wiring the harness is a common solution.
- Sensor Failures: Various sensors, including those related to the fuel injection system, were known to fail.
- Dashboard Illumination: Issues with the dashboard lighting and gauges were common.
Mechanical Issues
- Transmission Problems: Both the manual and automatic transmissions could be problematic. The manual transmissions were known for weak synchros, while the automatic transmissions could suffer from slippage and erratic shifting.
- Differential Problems: The limited-slip differential could wear out prematurely, leading to noise and poor performance.
- Suspension Issues: The suspension bushings and ball joints were prone to wear, affecting handling and ride quality.
Rust
- Body Rust: While rustproofing improved over the production run, the early Biturbos were particularly susceptible to rust, especially in areas with harsh weather conditions. Inspect the sills, wheel arches, and floor pan carefully.
Driving Experience
When running correctly, the Biturbo offers a unique and exhilarating driving experience. The twin-turbocharged engine provides a surge of power that is addictive, although early models suffered from noticeable turbo lag. The handling is generally good, although the suspension can feel a bit soft. Later models, particularly the Racing, offer a sharper and more responsive driving experience. The interior, while dated, is typically well-appointed with leather and wood trim. However, the driving experience is heavily dependent on the car's condition and maintenance history. Poorly maintained examples can be frustrating and unreliable.
Pros:
- Unique and distinctive styling.
- Powerful twin-turbocharged engine (when running well).
- Relatively affordable entry point into the Maserati brand (though maintenance costs can be high).
- Characterful and engaging driving experience.
Cons:
- Poor reliability and high maintenance costs.
- Dated interior and technology.
- Potentially difficult to find qualified mechanics to work on the car.
- Significant turbo lag in early models.
Buying Advice
Buying a Biturbo requires careful consideration and due diligence. Here's some advice:
- Year Matters: Later models (1991 onwards), particularly the Ghibli II and late Quattroporte IV variants, are generally considered more reliable due to improved build quality and engine management systems.
- Maintenance History is Key: Look for a car with a complete and well-documented maintenance history. Evidence of regular oil changes, turbocharger maintenance, and cooling system servicing is essential.
- Pre-Purchase Inspection: Have a qualified mechanic, preferably one with experience working on Biturbos, perform a thorough pre-purchase inspection. This is crucial to identify potential problems and estimate repair costs.
- Check for Rust: Carefully inspect the car for rust, paying particular attention to the sills, wheel arches, and floor pan.
- Test Drive Thoroughly: Take the car for an extended test drive, paying attention to engine performance, transmission smoothness, and overall handling.
- Consider Upgrades: Some owners have upgraded components such as the turbochargers, cooling system, and fuel injection system to improve reliability and performance. These upgrades can add value to the car.
- Factor in Maintenance Costs: Be prepared to spend significant money on maintenance and repairs. Parts can be expensive and difficult to find.
- Budget Accordingly: Factor in not just the purchase price, but a substantial budget for immediate and future repairs. Consider joining a Maserati owners club for resources and advice.
- Avoid Projects Unless Experienced: Unless you are an experienced mechanic, avoid buying a non-running Biturbo as a project car. The complexity and expense of repairs can be overwhelming.
The Maserati Biturbo is a challenging but rewarding classic car. With careful research, a thorough inspection, and a healthy budget, you can enjoy the unique driving experience and Italian flair that this iconic car offers. Remember, buy the best example you can afford, and be prepared to invest in its ongoing maintenance.
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