The Rolls-Royce 20 HP: A Comprehensive Guide
The Rolls-Royce 20 HP, often affectionately known as the "Twenty," represents a pivotal moment in the company's history. Introduced in 1922, it was conceived to address the growing demand for a smaller, more manageable, and less expensive Rolls-Royce than the Silver Ghost. It aimed to appeal to owner-drivers, marking a shift from the chauffeur-driven luxury that had defined the brand. This guide will provide a comprehensive overview of the 20 HP, covering its history, generations, reliability, driving experience, and offering advice for potential buyers.
A Departure from Tradition
Prior to the 20 HP, Rolls-Royce's reputation rested on the Silver Ghost, a car synonymous with size, opulence, and expense. The Twenty, however, was designed to be more accessible, both financially and practically. Its smaller engine capacity and lighter chassis made it easier to handle and maintain, broadening Rolls-Royce's appeal and securing its future through the interwar period. It firmly established Rolls-Royce as a builder of not just the grandest cars, but also cars embodying quality and prestige in a more compact and useable form.
Generations and Key Changes
While technically there weren't distinct "generations" in the modern sense, the 20 HP underwent several significant refinements throughout its production run. These changes focused primarily on improving performance, reliability, and driver comfort. Here's a chronological overview of key developments:
- 1922-1925: Early Production:
- Original 3.1-liter overhead-valve six-cylinder engine.
- Three-speed gearbox.
- Mechanical servo-assisted four-wheel brakes.
- Chassis frame with semi-elliptic leaf springs all around.
- 1925-1929: Refinements and Improvements:
- Engine improvements for smoother running and increased power.
- Improved braking system.
- Detail improvements to chassis and coachwork mounting points.
- 1929: Introduction of the 20/25 HP:
- Engine capacity increased to 3.7 liters. While technically a different model, it's a direct successor to the 20 HP and represents the culmination of improvements made over the years. The 20/25 HP is often considered a later evolution of the 20 HP lineage.
Reliability and Common Issues
The Rolls-Royce 20 HP was, for its time, a well-engineered and durable machine. However, given their age, prospective owners should be aware of potential issues:
Engine
- Wear and Tear: After nearly a century, engine wear is inevitable. Check for excessive oil consumption, unusual noises (knocking, rattling), and low compression. A rebuild may be necessary.
- Cooling System: Overheating can be a problem if the cooling system is not properly maintained. Inspect the radiator for leaks and corrosion. Ensure the water pump is functioning correctly, and the hoses are in good condition. Blocked waterways in the block are common.
- Carburation: Original carburetors can be temperamental. Ensure they are properly tuned and free from leaks. Rebuilding or replacing the carburetor may be required.
Transmission
- Gearbox Wear: The three-speed gearbox can suffer from wear, particularly in the synchromesh (if fitted – some early models lacked it). Check for difficulty shifting gears, excessive noise, and jumping out of gear.
- Clutch: Clutch wear is a common issue. Look for slippage and difficult engagement.
Chassis and Suspension
- Springs and Dampers: Leaf springs can sag over time, affecting ride height and handling. Inspect the dampers for leaks and proper function. Replacing or reconditioning these components may be necessary.
- Brakes: The mechanical servo-assisted brakes, while advanced for their time, require regular maintenance and adjustment. Inspect the brake linings, drums, and linkages for wear and damage. Be prepared for less effective braking compared to modern cars.
- Chassis Corrosion: Thoroughly inspect the chassis for rust, especially in areas prone to moisture accumulation. Corrosion can compromise the structural integrity of the car.
Electrical System
- Wiring: The original wiring is often brittle and prone to failure. Rewiring may be necessary to ensure reliability and prevent electrical fires.
- Dynamo and Starter: These components can wear out over time. Ensure they are functioning correctly. Rebuilding or replacing them may be required.
Driving Experience
Driving a Rolls-Royce 20 HP is a unique and rewarding experience, but it's essential to have realistic expectations. This is a vintage car, and its performance and handling will differ significantly from modern vehicles.
Pros:
- Refinement: Even by modern standards, the 20 HP exhibits a remarkable level of refinement. The engine is smooth and quiet, and the ride is comfortable (provided the suspension is in good condition).
- Prestige: Owning and driving a Rolls-Royce is an experience in itself. The 20 HP exudes an air of elegance and sophistication that few other cars can match.
- Engagement: Driving a vintage car requires a different level of engagement than driving a modern car. You need to be attentive to the car's needs and anticipate its behavior.
- Simplicity: Mechanically, the 20 HP is relatively simple, making it easier to maintain and repair (assuming you have the knowledge and skills).
Cons:
- Performance: The 20 HP is not a fast car. Acceleration is leisurely, and top speed is limited. It's best suited for relaxed cruising.
- Handling: The handling is typical of cars from this era. The steering is heavy, and the suspension allows for considerable body roll.
- Braking: The mechanical brakes require significant effort and offer limited stopping power compared to modern brakes.
- Maintenance: Vintage cars require regular maintenance and upkeep. Parts can be difficult to find and expensive.
Buying Advice
Purchasing a Rolls-Royce 20 HP requires careful research and due diligence. Here's some advice for potential buyers:
What to Look For:
- Originality: While modifications and restorations are common, cars that retain their original features and components are generally more desirable and valuable.
- Condition: Prioritize cars in good mechanical and cosmetic condition. Extensive restoration work can be very expensive.
- Service History: Look for cars with a documented service history. This can provide valuable insights into the car's past and potential issues.
- Reputable Dealer or Seller: Buy from a reputable dealer or seller who specializes in vintage cars. They can provide expert advice and support.
- Pre-Purchase Inspection: Have the car inspected by a qualified mechanic with experience in vintage Rolls-Royces. This can help identify potential problems and avoid costly surprises.
What to Avoid:
- Rust: Avoid cars with extensive rust, especially in the chassis.
- Significant Modifications: Heavily modified cars may be difficult to maintain and may not be eligible for certain events or concours d'elegance.
- Incomplete Restorations: Incomplete or poorly executed restorations can be more problematic than unrestored cars.
- Unclear Title: Ensure the car has a clear title and that there are no outstanding liens or encumbrances.
Which Years to Consider:
Generally, later 20 HP models (1925-1929) benefit from the accumulated improvements and refinements made over the production run. Some consider the 20/25 HP to be the ultimate evolution. However, early models can be equally desirable for their historical significance and originality.
Ultimately, buying a Rolls-Royce 20 HP is a personal decision. It's crucial to find a car that meets your needs and budget, and that you are prepared to maintain and enjoy for years to come. The pleasure of owning a well-maintained 20 HP is considerable, offering a tangible link to a glorious era of automotive history.
```